3. Abstract out repeated code
There is some code that's repeated over and over again in your if-statements. Cut the code out and put it at the bottom of the event handler function. Anytime you see code that's repeated exactly, it's a sign that your code could be more efficient. Now that the repeated code is moved down, you're script is much shorter. And as a benefit, if you need to make any edits to the formerly repeated code, you can just make it once instead of three times.
var counter = 0;
document.addEventListener('click', function(event){
if (event.target.matches('.plus-one')){
counter = counter + 1;
}
if (event.target.matches('.plus-two')){
counter = counter + 2;
}
if (event.target.matches('.plus-three')){
counter = counter + 3;
}
alert(counter);
if (counter > 21) {
alert("You lose!");
}
});